Courtesy of Timothy Williams
New York Times – July 2015
Photo credits to Joshua Lott-
Exhibiting Compassion for the Incarcerated Mentally Ill.
CHICAGO — Nneka Jones Tapia, who runs the sprawling Cook County Jail here, has an indelible childhood memory of police officers pounding on the aluminum walls of the family’s double-wide trailer home in North Carolina, riffling through cupboards and drawers, and arresting her father on charges of selling marijuana. Dr. Jones Tapia, then 8, had to call her mother home from work.
Over the next several years, other relatives, including two brothers, and a number of friends also spent time in jail. She says she might have ended up there, too. Instead, she became fascinated by psychology and earned a doctorate. She began working at Cook County Jail in 2006, and this spring became its unlikely warden when she was promoted to executive director — one of the first clinical psychologists to run a jail, underscoring how much the country’s prisons have become holding centers for the mentally ill.
Dr. Nneka Jones Tapia, warden of the Cook County Jail. She is one of the first clinical psychologists to run a jail.
“It’s a national disgrace how we deal with this,” said Sheriff Thomas Dart, who appointed Dr. Jones Tapia to the post and who refers to the jail, a place notorious for its history of violence and overcrowding, as the largest mental institution in the country. He said that as many as one-third of the jail’s 8,600 inmates were mentally ill.
As she sat in a cellblock one day recently, Dr. Jones Tapia, 37, reflected: “I know all too well what it’s like to hope that your loved ones make better decisions. And I think about my own life and how I was probably one bad decision away from being in a correctional institution myself.”
As Congress embarks on a rethinking of the criminal justice system — including giving judges greater discretion in sentencing — jails and prisons are also confronting myriad problems in dealing with the mentally ill. There are now 10 times as many mentally ill people in the nation’s 5,000 jails and prisons as there are in state mental institutions, according to a study last year by the National Sheriffs’ Association and the Treatment Advocacy Center, a nonprofit group that supports expanded access to treatment. Such inmates are far more likely to be kept in solitary confinement and to be beaten by guards and other inmates, corrections officials say. Some wardens complain that their jails have become little more than makeshift mental asylums, and that they lack the money and expertise needed to deal with the problem.
Three of the nation’s largest jails — Rikers Island in New York, the county jail in Los Angeles and Cook County Jail here in Chicago — have been under federal scrutiny, in part because of mistreatment of the mentally ill. In Los Angeles and Cook County, the jails are already operating under federal oversight, and Cook County has become a model of sorts for other troubled institutions in how to deal with the mentally ill.
Before becoming warden, Dr. Jones Tapia oversaw mental health care at the jail, and under her guidance, Cook County began offering services that would have been unthinkable a few years ago. All inmates upon arrival now see a clinician who collects a mental health history to ensure that anyone who is mentally ill gets a proper diagnosis and receives medication. The jail then forwards that information to judges in time for arraignments in the hope of convincing them that in certain cases, mental health care may be more appropriate than jail.
The jail also enrolls arriving inmates in health insurance plans, then helps arrange basic case management upon their release. “We’ve started to focus on the entirety of the system, from the point of arrest through discharge, and really forcing the whole system to take a look at the people that we’re incarcerating,” Dr. Jones Tapia said.Officials have also discussed using a Sheriff’s Department van staffed with a therapist to perform house checks on former inmates, and if necessary, drive them to medical appointments to ensure that prescriptions are refilled on time, in an attempt to prevent them from turning to illegal drug use or other crimes that would send them back to jail. Sheriff Dart, who has led the push for change here, says the jail has become a dumping ground for people who should not be locked up. “The person isn’t choosing to be schizophrenic,” he said. “The vast majority of mentally ill people are here for nonviolent crimes, like stealing food to survive or breaking into places, usually looking for somewhere to sleep, or getting caught with drugs because they are self-medicating. How is it different than us locking up diabetics? Jails were never meant to be mental health hospitals.”To press ahead with the jail’s overhaul, Sheriff Dart promoted Dr. Jones Tapia in May. “We were looking for someone who could do the baseline things,” he said, “but who also had this other vision.” Still, she is an unusual choice. Sheriff Jim McDonnell of Los Angeles County said a warden’s job was typically focused on security, although he acknowledged that having psychological expertise might prove useful. “I certainly think the more tools you bring to the table, the better,” Sheriff McDonnell said. “But you are running a giant operation, and you need to keep things moving, to focus on security, to keep the staff motivated.”
Inmates at the Cook County Jail leave the mental health transition center.
Dr. Jones Tapia said that the whole time she worked at the jail as a psychologist, she had made a point of hanging out with corrections officers, and that had eased the transition to her new post. “I think they welcomed the opportunity to share their world, and many of them, when they see me today, say, ‘I know you’re going to be all right because we taught you well,’ ” she said. She also ended up marrying a corrections officer, Angel Tapia, a 12-year veteran of the jail.Cook County Jail, though determined to improve conditions, remains a difficult place for inmates. Like nearly every large jail or prison in the country, it is riven by the same gang rivalries that plague the streets. The most violent and dangerous inmates are separated from others as they await trials or transfers to prison. While the jail is far less crowded today than a few years ago, inmates — those who are mentally ill and others who are not — complain that they have too little personal space and too little time to exercise, and that courts take too long to resolve their cases, many of which are for minor drug, traffic or theft charges. The vast majority of inmates are African-American or Latino.Some portions of the jail date to the 1920s and are falling apart in places. Leaking ceilings are dealt with by placing clumps of rags on the floor to absorb water. Walls and floors are cracking, and paint is peeling. In bathrooms, long rows of toilets a few feet apart lack partitions for privacy. Inmates have little to do all day, so they stand in front of television sets watching game shows and the news, or lie in their bunks and sleep. For Dr. Jones Tapia, the path to becoming warden was not direct. After earning an undergraduate degree in psychology from the University of North Carolina, she said, she had no clear idea what to do next. She worked as a receptionist and in community mental health care before beginning to take more specialized psychology courses and going on to earn a doctorate from the Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology.
